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Friday, April 30, 2010

Worthwhile Reading

Why should you be freaked out about Greece? Remember the Great Depression had two parts. Megan McArdle.

The most terrifying words I've seen written so far about the growing crisis in Greece were penned by Yves Smith yesterday: "So the whole idea that the financial crisis was over is being called into doubt. Recall that the Great Depression nadir was the sovereign debt default phase. And the EU's erratic responses (obvious hesitancy followed by finesses rather than decisive responses) is going to prove even more detrimental as the Club Med crisis grinds on."

The Great Depression was composed of two separate panics. As you can see from contemporary accounts--and I highly recommend that anyone who is interested in the Great Depression read the archives of that blog along with Benjamin Roth's diary of the Great Depression--in 1930 people thought they'd seen the worst of things.

Unfortunately, the economic conditions created by the first panic were now eating away at the foundations of financial institutions and governments
OK, so neither she, nor I, are saying GDII is around the corner --- but a double-dip is quite likely. Problems that caused the crisis originally haven't been solved --- they've just been shuffled around --- predominantly from private balance sheets to public ones (or just hidden on/off of those private balance sheets).

Who will pay for China's bad loans. Michael Pettis.

I just love this part:

This is why I have argued (predicted?) for the past five years that “within a few months” the market was going to become obsessed with China’s debt structure. Unless you define a “few” months as forty to sixty months, clearly I have been wrong for many years – calling things way too early is perhaps an occupational hazard for those who read too much financial history
but this is the meatier part:

This doesn’t mean however that we don’t need to worry about the debt, and it certainly does not mean that if China runs up more bad loans as a consequence of the recent lending spree it will simply “grow” its way out. In the past China could certainly grow its wayout, even with household consumption declining as a share of GDP, because one effect of declining relative consumption – a rising savings rate along with a rising trade surplus – was easily absorbedby a rapidly growing world economy. As long as debt levels in the US and other deficit countries could easily rise to counteract the adverse employment effect, the world, and especially the US, had no trouble with absorbing China’s rising trade surpluses.

Things may be very different now. Unemployment is high in trade-deficit countries and debt levels are being forced down. If the world can no longer absorb rising trade deficits, and especially if over the next few years trade tensions increase, China must reduce its excessive reliance on exports and investment to fuel its continued growth. The only healthy way it can do so is if household consumption rises as a share of GDP because of surging consumption.

And household consumption will indeed rise as a share of GDP – with such a low current level of household consumption, and rising global concern over the employment effects of China’s trade surplus, China has no choice. But since growth in household consumption has always been constrained by the growth in household income, it may be unreasonable to expect a surge in consumption when households are also required to clean up another sharp increase in non-performing loans.

So as a consequence of the global crisis, China’s growth will rely more than ever on the growth of household consumption. The good way this can happen is by a surge in household consumption that will allow economic growth to remain high. The bad way is by lower growth in household consumption matched by a very sharp decline in
economic growth. If the worriers are right, and non-performing loans surge, China can nonetheless easily avoid a banking collapse, but that does not mean the cost of cleaning up the banks will be negligible. On the contrary, it will put even more downward pressure on low-consuming Chinese households and will make the inevitable rebalancing of China’s economy much more difficult than many expect....

....Unless the rest of the world is willing to absorb rising trade deficits and supply it with rising trade surpluses, rebalancing for China means that instead of being the lower limit of economic growth, consumption growth will now be the upper limit. If future Chinese consumption growth also slows, as it did in Japan, because households are forced to foot the new bad-debt bill, we may see the real cost of the current explosion in bad loans – several years of sub-par growth.

Thankfully, Andy Xie will tell us when the Chinese bubble will burst.

Thursday, April 29, 2010

Worthwhile Reading

Interview with Hugh Hendry, hedgie from Eclectica
re: China turning Japanese; about being an agnostic, a skeptic, as an investor, needing to be convinced of investment merit; about profoundly leveraged economies being deflationary; about UK being in much better position than weak countries in Euro b/c UK has independent monetary policy

Doug Noland on Deficits and Private Sector Credit
scroll half way down to get to:
The bullish contingent is these days increasingly confident that there is much more to the recovery than a mere stimulus-induced “sugar high.” The marketplace now comfortably disregards bearish developments - and becomes further emboldened by “market resiliency”. The market this week brushed aside issues with Greece, China, Goldman and financial reform.

Complacency abounds, in true Bubble fashion. The U.S. stock market dismisses that there could be meaningful ramifications from the unfolding Greek debt crisis. Chinese authorities’ recent determination to restrict mortgage Credit barely garners a headline. And while the Goldman allegations generate great interest and discussion, few believe they will have much general market impact. Financial reform, well, it’s an afterthought when the market is open. Market participants are enamored with the notion that the securities markets and real economy are now conjoined in the initial phase of a big bull cycle.

Count me a subscriber of the “sugar high” thesis. The combination of double-digit (to GDP) deficits, protracted near-zero rates, and the Fed’s unprecedented Trillion-plus monetization has worked wonders. Government stimulus stabilized the Credit system, asset prices, system incomes and economic output. The bulls today believe that a new expansionary cycle has commenced, and fundamentals and prospects couldn’t be much more encouraging from their point of view. Surging stock prices have the optimists disregarding the possibility of a systemic addiction to massive
government spending, ultra-low rates, and overabundant marketplace liquidity.
Potential issues in the area of risk intermediation are not on the radar screen.

Yet, the sustainability of this recovery will be determined by private sector Credit - eventually. The markets assume private Credit growth will snap back after its long recuperation – as it always has in the past. But, mostly, analysts expend little energy pondering this issue. Deficits of about 10% of GDP, rapid expansion of government-backed Credit (MBS, “build America bonds,” student loans, bank deposits, etc.), and near-zero rates have created a recovery backdrop where minimal private-sector growth has sufficed. This won’t always be the case.
...
At about 70% of GDP, outstanding Treasury debt is not on the surface overly alarming. Obviously, if one throws in GSE liabilities and the massive future spending obligations related to social security, healthcare, pensions, etc., things are much worse. Yet it is conventional wisdom that the U.S. has the luxury of several years to get its fiscal house in order. And there is today great faith that economic recovery will, as it always does, lead a revival of government receipts and ensure rapidly declining deficits. Count me skeptical. The previous Bubble helped disguise underlying structural debt issues at the state, local and federal levels. Going forward it’s payback time.

more at the link

WSJ's # of the Week: 103 Months to Clear Housing Inventory
re: banks have inventory of 1.1 million foreclosed homes; another 4.8 million homeowners at least 60days delinquent; HAMP modifications no panacea, as many become recidivist

I don't agree with James Grant about everything (particularly his view on prospective inflation; I take the Rosenberg side of the debate that can be found here -- be warned, huge file), but i certainly agree with him about this: The best financial reform: let the bankers fail.

excerpts:

The trouble with Wall Street isn't that too many bankers get rich in the booms. The trouble, rather, is that too few get poor -- really, suitably poor -- in the busts. To the titans of finance go the upside. To we, the people, nowadays, goes the downside. How much better it would be if the bankers took the losses just as they do the profits.....

No surprise, then, the perversity of Wall Street's incentives. For rolling the dice, the payoff is potentially immense. For failure, the personal cost -- while regrettable -- is manageable.....

The substitution of collective responsibility for individual responsibility is the fatal story line of modern American finance.....

The job before Congress is to bring the fear of God back to Wall Street. Not to stifle enterprise but quite the opposite: to restore real capitalism. By all means, let the bankers savor the sweets of their success. But let them, and their stockholders, pay dearly for their failures. Fair's fair.

NYT's summary of Fixes for the financial system.
includes Stiglitz, Pozen, Kotlikoff, Andrew Lo

Marc Faber interview on China
re: bubbles, inevitability of its bursting, but difficulty timing that; Chinese govt wants strong economy, without unintended consequence of rampant speculation; like in US, property market has become too important for whole economy; sold Japan short in 1988, had to wait 2 years, sold tech stock short in 1998, had to wait two years --- may have to wait 6 or 12 or 18 mths, but all danger signals in place; implications for Australian market and commodity markets of China crash; housing bubbles exist also in Australia and Canada; crash impossible to time, but imminent Chinese slowdown, regardless; yuan undervalued by half, should doubled

Looking back, looking forward. John Hussman.
i recommend reading the whole she-bang, but here are key excerpts:


As of last week, our most comprehensive measure of market valuation reached a
price-to-normalized earnings multiple of 19.1, exceeding the peaks of August 1987 (18.6) and December 1973 (18.3). Outside of the valuations achieved during the late 1990's bubble and the approach to the 2007 market peak, the only other historical observation exceeding the current level of valuation was the extreme of 20.1 reached just prior to the 1929 crash....

That said, valuations have never been useful as an indicator of near-term market fluctuations - a shortcoming that has been amplified since the late 1990's. The lesson that valuations are important to long-term investment outcomes is underscored by the fact that the S&P 500 has lagged Treasury bills over the past 13 years,
including dividends. Yet the fact that these 13 years have included three successive approaches (2000, 2007, and today) to valuation peaks - at the very extremes of historical experience - is evidence that investors don't appreciate the link between valuation and subsequent returns. So they will predictably experience steep losses and mediocre returns yet again. Ironically, before they do, it also means that investors who take valuations seriously (including us) can expect temporary periods of frustration.

I've long noted that the analysis of market action can help to overcome some of this frustration, as stocks have often provided good returns despite rich valuations so long as market internals were strong, and the environment was not yet characterized by a syndrome of overvalued, overbought, overbullish, and rising yield conditions. In
hindsight, the stock market has followed this typical post-war pattern, and we clearly could have captured some portion of the market's gains over the past year had I ignored the risk of a second wave of credit strains (which I remain concerned about, primarily over the coming months).

It is important to recognize, however, that even if we had approached the recent economic environment as a typical, run-of-the-mill postwar downturn, we would now be defensive again, as a result of the current overvalued, overbought, overbullish,
rising yields syndrome. I do recognize that my credibility in sounding a cautious note would presently be stronger if I had ignored further credit risks and captured some of the past year's gains. But the awful outcome of this same set of conditions, which we also observed in 2007, should provide enough credibility.....

First, my primary concern with regard to fresh credit strains would be the period of recognition. We may very well have a multi-year period over which the full effects of deleveraging is actually felt, but the most damaging declines often occur where reality departs materially from expectations. The past year has been seen an easing of credit strains even as the volume of delinquent loans has hit new records, partially because of the abandonment of mark-to-market accounting, and partly because mortgages are long-term assets and it's possible to kick the can down the road with mortgages that aren't being serviced. It's unlikely in any event that these problems have actually been solved, because we can't reconcile the quantity of delinquent
loans with the tamer figures for foreclosures and writedowns. Still, we need
several more months of data before we can start relying on "extend and pretend"
to dispense with the problem through an extended period of chargeoffs and Fannie/Freddie bailouts. Meanwhile, I remain concerned.

The economy and the markets have enjoyed a great deal of positive effect from the enormous deficit spending of the past 18 months (if it doesn't seem that the economy has benefited, consider the dismal the profile of GDP and personal income when
stimulus spending and transfer payments are excluded). It's not at all clear that these effects are durable, and it's also not clear to what extent bank assets have been marked up, passed off to Fannie and Freddie, or otherwise obscured.....

What if the market simply moves higher? It is safe to say that at current valuations, a continued extension of overvalued, overbought, overbullish conditions, with no reprieve from interest rate pressures, would keep us in a hedged stance. The Strategic Growth Fund is not appropriate for investors who wish to speculate under that specific set of conditions, because we have no historical evidence that it is sensible to take market risk, on average, once that syndrome emerges.

Presently, the market is strenuously overvalued, faces a syndrome of overextended conditions that has historically proved hostile, and relies on the absence of further credit strains to an extent that strikes me as incredible....

As of last week, the Market Climate in stocks remained characterized by an overvalued, overbought, overbullish, rising-yields syndrome that has historically produced periods of marginal new highs, slight declines, and yet further marginal highs, followed somewhat unpredictably by nearly vertical drops. I've often accompanied the description of this syndrome with the word "excruciating," because the apparent resiliency of the market and the celebration of each fresh high, can make it difficult to maintain a defensive stance. Interestingly, the analysts at
Nautilus Capital recently noted that the most closely correlated periods in market history to this one were the advances of 1929 and 2007. While exact replication of those advances would allow for a couple more weeks of further strength, we've generally found it dangerous to expect history to do more than rhyme. These hostile syndromes have a tendency to erase weeks of upside progress in a few days.

Tuesday, April 20, 2010

A day in the life of Obama (as envisioned by a typical Republican). Grossblogger.

6:30 AM: Obama wakened by clock radio tuned to NPR’s popular morning drive-time show, Kronsky the Bomb Thrower and His Anarcho-Syndicalist Zoo. “You know what would be fun?” Kronsky quips. “Getting the workers to seize the means of production and execute the blood-sucking capitalist bosses!” “If only,” mutters Obama.

7:30 AM: on way to Oval Office, Obama ducks into private chapel, slipping off shoes and prostrating self while facing Mecca. He chants high-pitched, ululating prayer to Allah in foreign tongue then before leaving, bows before busts of Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Mao, Hitler and Saul Alinsky.

7:40 AM: Rahm Emanuel enters Oval Office, gives Obama secret Illuminati handshake, says, “Good morning, Comrade President. The Iranian ambassador is here to discuss his scheme to undermine America’s security.” Obama says, “Show him right in.”

9:05 AM: Snack of sweetened camel milk served with dates, figs, pita and hummus. Then Iranian ambassador exits White House through secret tunnel so Fox News won’t see him.

9:30 AM: House Speaker Pelosi arrives to plot strategy for government takeover of lucrative garbage-collection industry. Obama gives her large suitcase full of cash for bribing Congressmen.

10 AM: Editors of New York Times, Washington Post, New Yorker arrive to receive weekly instructions.


much more at link

Conversation with evolutionary biologist/cosmologist/theoretical physicist Sean Carroll. NYT.

The discount rate mismatch. Baseline Scenario.

To Read or not to Read...

How did it come to this, indeed? Canada's brewing debt storm. Globe

Household debt has surged three time faster than income in recent years and now stands at a record high of more than $1-trillion....

“We may be back into a recession [next year] because, remember, part of what has helped us get out of this recession was spending and consumer spending at that, and if people don't have money to spend we could be rapidly back in to where we started,” he added.

And while consumer spending and confidence have increased recently, both may be short lived, said CIBC's Mr. Tal.

“There is a gap between confidence and ability,” he said. “It's a gap between what's in your head and what's in your pocket. And this gap is, of course, a matter of concern because consumer confidence is high due to the fact that interest rates have been extremely low and people are able to finance those mortgages and those loans.”

In a recent report, Mr. Tal concluded that “Canadian consumer fundamentals are weaker than they have been in almost 15 years.”

That's something that concerns officials at the Bank of Canada. If consumers run into trouble with their mortgage payments, that in turn can lead to “wider problems with other consumer loans, such as credit card debt,” David Wolf, a Bank of Canada economist, said in a speech in January. “Consumers may also have to curtail other spending to cope with their debt burdens, creating adverse spillovers to the real economy.”

What we need is a Suspension of Debtbelief. Sudden Debt

A World Without Planes. BBC.

In a future world without aeroplanes, children would gather at the feet of old men, and hear extraordinary tales of a mythic time when vast and complicated machines the size of several houses used to take to the skies and fly high over the Himalayas and the Tasman Sea.

Despite all the chaos and inconvenience of our disrupted flight schedules, we should feel grateful to the unruly Icelandic volcano - for allowing us briefly to imagine what a flight-less future would envy and pity us for.


I do not support the troops. I support peace.
Graveyard of Empires: Nine Months on the Ground in Obama’s Afghanistan. Virginia Quarterly Review

Everything seemed to be going exactly to plan. For the first week after Operation Moshtarak was launched under cover of darkness on February 13, NATO and Afghan troops lived up to the offensive’s lofty name—a Dari word meaning “together,” selected to reinforce the operation’s joint effort. The Afghan National Army made up some 60 percent of the thousands of troops advancing on the dusty redoubt of Marja, an agricultural town latticed with canals and ditches irrigating the poppy fields that made it a crossroads for heroin traffickers and pro-Taliban forces in the Helmand Province. Locals, as asked, voluntarily stayed in their homes to avoid IEDs emplaced by insurgents and shared intelligence with international commanders. Even Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) got in the act, arresting two “shadow governors” of Afghanistan’s northern provinces and raiding a house in Karachi where Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, the Taliban’s military commander, was captured.

Coming nearly nine months after General Stanley McChrystal was appointed by President Barack Obama to be commander of forces in Afghanistan, the coordinated action in the southern provinces and across the border in Pakistan appeared to be an astounding exoneration of the general’s new counterinsurgency plan. And not a moment too soon. After eight long years of military stalemate and political neglect, US troops were scoring measurable victories, and the fresh focus on winning the confidence of ordinary Afghans appeared to be paying major dividends. For the first time since the shedding of burqas and shaving of beards in the exultant early days of the invasion, the Afghan people seemed to be rallying around NATO forces.

Then, on February 21, troops sweeping for insurgents on the run from Marja intercepted Taliban radio chatter near the main road in Oruzgan Province. Little Bird helicopters, flown by elite US Special Forces, were called in. Pilots discovered a tight-knit convoy of two Land Cruisers and a pickup, all overloaded and riding low, lurching up the Khotal Chowzar mountain pass toward Daykondi Province. They concluded that the vehicles were heavy-laden with arms and insurgents. They opened fire, destroying the convoy. But when ground troops moved in to collect Taliban casualties, they instead found twenty-seven dead civilians—including at least four women and a child—and fourteen more wounded. These were ordinary Afghans, it turned out, fleeing the renewed violence....

As we watch our troops struggle against years of pent up animosity toward US-led forces—and a generations-long commitment to opposing all invaders—it’s easy to see how Afghanistan has earned its reputation as a “graveyard of empires.”


My kids will be 49 and 47 in 2050. My grandkids will be just entering the "workforce". Who the hell knows what I'll be doing! But, after watching this video, The World in 2050, I may, as Paul Kedrosky says, just take a pass.

Sunday, April 11, 2010

Not If But When

No-one likes to think a populist civil movement like the Tea-Partiers could degenerate into something much more serious, like outright rebellion.

But people in difficult circumstances do crazy things. And i REALLY do think circumstances ARE difficult, and are going to get increasingly difficult over the next few years (in the U.S. in particular, but in Europe as well --- and maybe most seriously in China). And therefore the potential for scary things will increase dramatically.

Who would've thought that the assasination of an Austrian prince wouldve caused WWI, or that a well-educated 20th-century nation like Germany would become capable of the atrocities it committed under Naziism, or that Stalin could eradicate 20 million people, or that Mao's revolution, including the famine it caused, would lead to the deaths of 40 million, or that in the first centuries after Europeans' discovery of the Americas, that the combination of mass genocide and disease would lead to the extermination of up to 90% of the indigenous populations, or that Ireland's population could drop by 25% due to the Famine, or that about half of Europe's population would die in the Black Death

Who would've thought the Roman Empire would collapse the way it did --- leading to just a short little period called the Dark Ages; or that the Mayan civilization would go from thriving to nonexistent as fast as it did, or that the collapse of the civilization situated in the Tigris-Euphrates valley area would be so quick, etc etc etc.... examples of either imperial over-reach and/or of civilizations outstripping the capacity of their environments to support them and/or of significant climatic events (floods, droughts, ice age, temperature rises) rendering existing modes of living untenable

Well, the problems in the U.S. that it has to deal with seems to me like a potential combination of all of the above, and perhaps then some (as what we have coming is, unlike those other examples, not regional, but global).

to wit:

- Americans are getting sick of its govt allowing financial companies to keep their profits private (and pay big bonuses) but socialize the losses (keep the bankrupt (morally, as well as financially) companies in business by sucking off the middle-class taxpayer)

- those banks are still insolvent and have been for all of the last two years --- but have been allowed to make good trading revenues to pay big bonuses by borrowing money from the govt at virtually 0% interest and investing in the markets, basically trading with each other in a shell game of pushing markets higher --- meanwhile, their balance sheets are still big black holes, and theyve only not gone out of business b/c the govt changed the acctg rules to allow them to do 2 things that make them still look solvent (a) keep a bunch of stuff they own off their official books (off-balance-sheet acctg) and, (b) instead of marking their "assets" (mainly loans to businesses and consumers, like mortgages, home equity lines of credit, and commercial real estate loans) to market (i.e. actually valuing them at what they're worth), they can mark them to model (i.e. keep those assets at inflated values --- e.g. keep a loan on its books at par value even if they're no long receiving interest on the loan and even if the property securing the loan is only worth half the value of the outstanding loan)

- gigantically under-funded pensions, both at the state and corporate levels

- according to official govt report, entitlement programs and paying interest on the public debt will cost 100% of govt revenues within ten years

-municipalities and states with gargantuan budget deficits, causing them to slash public employment and services (e.g. Kansas City closing 29 of its 61 schools; Detroit closing 45 schools; Hawaii has gone to a 4-day school week; New York is trying to cut $1 billion from its budget, L.A., Chicago etc etc are broke)

- U.S. delinquencies and foreclosures are still rising (mortgage delinquencies are 14%; i.e. one in 7 homeowners with a mortgage is behind on his/her payments)

- meanwhile, mortgage rates are going up b/c interest rates have gone up generally

- and a bunch of option-ARM mortgages issued at the height of the housing boom are coming due to reset this year and next

- meaning those foreclosure and delinquency stats are going higher for longer

- and also meaning that the huge shadow inventory of unsold homes (current, on bank books, due to past foreclosures, plus pending, due to under-water mortgagees finally deciding to walk away from their homes rather than be debt-slaves forever) will keep downward pressure on house prices for some time

- U.S. unemployment still officially near 10%, unofficially nearer to 20%, with unemployment claim recipients having been unemployed so long they're falling off the rolls and no longer eligible for benefits (despite the emergency extensions of those benefits)

- and though there were nominally jobs added to the U.S. economy last month, the # includes some temporary jobs just for the census, plus was inflated by seasonal adjustment effects for weather patterns, and for "assumed" job growth due to the assumed normal course of births and deaths of small businesses during the business cycle, so, the real # of jobs added to the economy was trivial, and not of any statistical significance relative to the size of the population

- there are 35 million Americans on food stamps, including 1 in 4 kids

- the odds of an African American male getting into college are smaller than the odds of getting into prison

- Americans have kept their spending up (have to fuel up the gas tanks) though their average incomes, on an inflation-adjusted basis, have been flat for over a decade, and, unlike in the past when they financed their profligacy by taking equity out of their homes and going further into debt, the banks have shut off the flow of credit, so now consumers seem to be doing it by selling financial assets (and by defaulting on some of their debt)

- and those financial assets (stocks and houses) are worth a lot less than they were a few years ago

- and baby boomers are soon entering retirement years but dont have anyting near enough to retire on (to support the lifestyle to which theyve become accustomed)

- meanwhile, climate change will continue to cause volatile weather incidents, with greater risks down the road

- and a very-much oil-dependent world economy has past the point of peak oil --- oil demand will keep going up as more and more Chinese and Indians enter the middle class, but oil supply has peaked (more here)

- so oil and gas prices will go up and current oil consumption rates, causing line-ups and road rage at the gas pumps, and, when gas goes north of $4 a gallon in the U.S. again, slowing down the economy into a double-dip recession

- 64% of Americans are considered overweight, including 26% that are obese, and these people are going to have significant health problems

- while the # of people that dont have health insurance in the U.S. is often exaggerated (many of those that don't are either riche enough to buy it if they really wanted it, or are too young to think they need it), nonetheless, at least 10% of the population does not; and, in any case, healthcare costs keep going up faster than any other prices in the U.S.

- and gun-happy America is seeing big increases in the number of militia groups and of group members

- etc etc


there is a historically very long list of rebellions and revolutions precipitated by any # of things

I don't consider it outside the realm of possibility that there will be more and that they will be in our neighbourhood

Igor Panarin, for one, got a lot of press about a year ago for publicizing his predictions about civil war and dissolution of the good ole U.S. of A.

He's a Russian academic/professor/intelligence analyst/strategic forecaster --- and whether or not thats sufficient to establish his bona fides,or one can simply call him a crackpot, he's not the only one to have made similar predictions. Bob Prechter, Harry Dent and Russell Napier all come from different perspectives but have similar views. And Gerald Celente too.

Chris Hedges is no right-wing lunatic, he's a serious intellectual who was once a seminarian before becoming an award-winning journalist covering wars around the globe, and then writing books, first against atheist dogmatists, then, as if to be fair and balanced, against the fundamentalist Christian right, then against America's foreign occupations.

Here's what he had to say recently, first Calling All Rebels, and more recently in Is America "Yearning for Facism"?

The language of violence always presages violence. I watched it in war after war from Latin America to the Balkans. The impoverishment of a working class and the snuffing out of hope and opportunity always produce angry mobs ready to kill and be killed. A bankrupt, liberal elite, which proves ineffectual agains the rich and the criminal, always gets swept aside, in times of economic collapse, before thugs and demagogues emerge to play to the passions of the crowd. I have seen this drama. I know each act. I know how it ends. I have heard it in other tongues in other lands. I recognize the same stock characters, the buffoons, charlatans and fools, the same confused crowds and the same impotent and despised liberal class that deserves the hatred it engenders.

"We are ruled not by two parties but one party." Cynthia McKinney, who ran for president on the Green Party ticket, told me. "It is the party of money and war. Our country has been hijacked. And we have to take the country away from those who have hijacked it. The only question now is whose revolution gets funded."

The Democrats and their liberal apologists are so oblivious to the profound personal and economic despair sweeping through this country that they think offering unemployed people the right to keep their unemployed children on their nonexistent health care policies is a step forward. They think that passing a jobs bill that will give tax credits to corporations is a rational response to an unemployment rate that is, in real terms, close to 20 percent. they think that making ordinary Americans, one in eight of whom depends on food stamps to eat, fork over trillions in taxpayer dollars to pay for the crimes of Wall Street and war is acceptable. They think that the refusal to save the estimated 2.4 million people who will be forced out of their homes by foreclosure this year is justified by the bloodless language of fiscal austerity. The message is clear. Laws do not apply to the power elite. Our government does not work. And the longer we stand by and do nothing, the longer we refuse to embrace and recognize the legitimate rage of the working class, the faster we will see our anemic democracy die.

The unraveling of America mirrors the unraveling of Yugoslavia. The Balkan war was not caused by ancient ethnic hatreds. It was caused by the economic collapse of Yugoslavia. The petty criminals and goons who took power harnessed the anger and despair of the unemployed and the desparate. They singled out convenient scapegoats from ethnic Croats to Muslims to Albanians to Gypsies. They set in motion movements that unleashed a feeding frenzy leading to war and self-immolation. ther is little difference between the ludicrous would-be poet Radovan Karadzic, who was a fgure of ridicule in Sarajevo before the war, and the moronic Glenn Beck or Sarah Palin. There is little difference between the Oath Keepers and the Serbian militias. We can laugh at these people, but they are not the fools. We are.

The longer we appeal to the Democrats, who are servants of corporate interests, the more stupid and ineffectual we become. Sixty-one percent of Americans believe the country is in decline, according to a recent NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, and they are right. Only 25 percent of those polled said the government can be trusted to protect the interests of the American people. If we do not embrace this outrage and distrust as our own, it will be expressed through a terrifying right-wing backlash.

“It is time for us to stop talking about right and left,” McKinney told me. “The old political paradigm that serves the interests of the people who put us in this predicament will not be the paradigm that gets us out of this. I am a child of the South. Janet Napolitano tells me I need to be afraid of people who are labeled white supremacists but I was raised around white supremacists. I am not afraid of white supremacists. I am concerned about my own government. The Patriot Act did not come from the white supremacists, it came from the White House and Congress. Citizens United did not come from white supremacists, it came from the Supreme Court. Our problem is a problem of governance. I am willing to reach across traditional barriers that have been skillfully constructed by people who benefit from the way the system is organized.”

We are bound to a party that has betrayed every principle we claim to espouse, from universal health care to an end to our permanent war economy, to a demand for quality and affordable public education, to a concern for the jobs of the working class. And the hatred expressed within right-wing movements for the college-educated elite, who created or at least did nothing to halt the financial debacle, is not misplaced. Our educated elite, wallowing in self-righteousness, wasted its time in the boutique activism of political correctness as tens of millions of workers lost their jobs. The shouting of racist and bigoted words at black and gay members of Congress, the spitting on a black member of the House, the tossing of bricks through the windows of legislators’ offices, are part of the language of rebellion. It is as much a revolt against the educated elite as it is against the government. The blame lies with us. We created the monster.

When someone like Palin posts a map with cross hairs on the districts of Democrats, when she says “Don’t Retreat, Instead—RELOAD!” there are desperate people cleaning their weapons who listen. When Christian fascists stand in the pulpits of megachurches and denounce Barack Obama as the Antichrist, there are messianic believers who listen. When a Republican lawmaker shouts “baby killer” at Michigan Democrat Bart Stupak, there are violent extremists who see the mission of saving the unborn as a sacred duty. They have little left to lose. We made sure of that. And the violence they inflict is an expression of the violence they endure.

These movements are not yet full-blown fascist movements. They do not openly call for the extermination of ethnic or religious groups. They do not openly advocate violence. But, as I was told by Fritz Stern, a scholar of fascism who has written about the origins of Nazism, “In Germany there was a yearning for fascism before fascism was invented.” It is the yearning that we now see, and it is dangerous. If we do not immediately reincorporate the unemployed and the poor back into the economy, giving them jobs and relief from crippling debt, then the nascent racism and violence that are leaping up around the edges of American society will become a full-blown conflagration.

Left unchecked, the hatred for radical Islam will transform itself into a hatred for Muslims. The hatred for undocumented workers will become a hatred for Mexicans and Central Americans. The hatred for those not defined by this largely white movement as American patriots will become a hatred for African-Americans. The hatred for liberals will morph into a hatred for all democratic institutions, from universities to government agencies to the press. Our continued impotence and cowardice, our refusal to articulate this anger and stand up in open defiance to the Democrats and the Republicans, will see us swept aside for an age of terror and blood.



Now, if you think Hedges is too alarmist, and that I'm too influenced by his views, consider again those of Prechter and Celente, of Harry Dent, of Russ Napier, of Igor Panarin --- and of Mark Fisher, in his article on Bloomberg and in BusinessWeek, U.S. Decline, Sloth Look a Lot Like End of Rome.



Historians cite the late second century as the turning point of the Roman Empire, when the once- proud, feared society began its descent into infamy.

As the ruling class was undermined by civil wars and attacks by outsiders, the Romans’ respect for law and social institutions began to erode. In the end, a combination of political and economic mistakes led to the empire’s downfall.

The U.S. today is a mirror image of the Roman Empire as it tipped into chaos. Whether we blame our bloated government, a greedy elite or a lethargic population, the similarities between the two foreshadow a gruesome future.

The Roman economy grew fat from the plunder of conquered territories and the added productivity offered by new lands. The waning of expansionism didn’t bode well for the empire.

While the U.S. ascended quite differently, it also used its position as a superpower to fuel economic expansion. Because the country had the strongest military and economy in the post-World War II era, the U.S. dollar became the de facto global reserve currency, ensuring endless competitive advantages -- which have vanished in the last decade.

Americans have become less productive while relying more on social safety-net programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security -- and now expanded health-care insurance. Worse, like the ancient Romans, a sense of entitlement has replaced the drive and motivation we once championed. With easy access to abundant government handouts, it’s no wonder so many jobless people have stopped looking for work.

Bread and Circuses

In the fifth century, the Roman political elite began searching for ways to distract its population from the hopelessness at hand. Bread and circuses postponed the ultimate fall. The tactic stopped working when people realized their bread tasted stale and sensed the true scope of the impending disaster.

The U.S. government’s version of bread offerings proliferated throughout the fiscal crisis, in which collapse was averted only by a massive financial bailout and an endless supply of paper money, along with the rest of the seemingly endless sustenance being shoved down America’s throat.

Meanwhile, the administration hasn’t yet tackled the most pressing issue: job creation. Given the current state of the labor market, American workers can’t possibly provide enough tax revenue to support the government’s swelling debt.

Even more unsettling is the government’s inability to fix the financial crisis. After a stream of stimulus programs and bailouts, the Federal Reserve continues to print enormous quantities of dollars and buy the nation’s debt.

California Like Greece

Many state governments are in even worse shape. With California’s 10-year debt currently yielding about 4.5 percent (municipal debt typically yields less than 10-year Treasuries, which now yield about 3.9 percent), the state poses the same sort of danger to the U.S. that Greece does to the European Union. If the federal government decides to bail out California, what happens when Michigan and New York start demanding the same treatment?

The burden of underfunded pension liabilities will cause states’ budget deficits to further balloon. Since defined state benefit plans assume an unrealistic 8 percent rate of return -- zero percent, at best, is more likely -- we can only imagine the catastrophe to come once states have to make good on their obligations.

As our society becomes increasingly immobile and sits on the couch doing nothing but surfing the Internet, using iPhones and watching “Jersey Shore,” the hopelessness of the situation becomes clear.

Fear Mounts

Unless the government creates a massive jobs program, cuts spending and taxes, and gains control of the national budget and the balance of payments crises, we should fear for our future. Unless our fellow Americans relearn the value of hard work, no government plan stands a chance.

Once the world realizes that the U.S. is the new Rome, the traditional tenets governing asset correlations will no longer hold, and we can expect a breakdown in traditional stock-bond portfolio theories.

Since paper assets are ultimately shoved down to zero, expect hard assets to benefit -- especially gold, energy and grains -- along with commodity-related equities.

The name of the game going forward -- let’s say the next five years -- will be buying ahead of whatever China and other developing nations are trying to accumulate and diversifying away from the U.S.

The China Factor

Consider the trading relationship between the U.S. and China. When the U.S. funnels its unfinished products to China, the Asian nation is able to send back manufactured goods -- thanks to its abundant supply of cheap labor -- in return for dollars. While the American people are busy tinkering with their newly manufactured playthings, the Chinese continue to use their new wealth to buy energy and commodity assets.

Thus, China and the other developing countries that are amassing dollars, euros and pounds basically play a game of global hot potato, trying to pass the potato -- worthless paper currencies -- to others in exchange for energy, water and valuable food assets.

As China continues to thrust its dollars at all things commodity-related, it’s hard not to laugh when hearing President Barack Obama speak about trying to identify “environmentally sound” opportunities in energy.

Meltdown Ahead

It’s only a matter of time before the mechanism that has allowed the government to sustain its trade deficit for longer than it should have -- similar to the Asian dollar peg of the 1990s -- causes a simultaneous decline in the U.S. currency, asset prices and the economy.

Once people begin to realize that their paper currencies, stocks and bonds are all garbage, we can expect a meltdown.

Although it may be too early to predict an impending collapse in paper assets and an immediate need to acquire hard assets, it’s clear that we’ve reached a turning point. The ship has begun to sink. As I await a global re-set of asset values and prices, I will continue to monitor the swelling federal and state tax revenue levels, the rising animosity between Main Street and Wall Street and the progress made by commodity-hungry nations as they continue to eat our lunch.

While I continue to hope for the best, it’s far wiser to prepare for the worst.

Worthwhile Reading

video of Richard Koo on Debts, Deficits and Stability

video of the Great Bond Debate between James Grant and David Rosenberg

In a WSJ article, Morgan Stanley takes Grant's side of the bet, while Goldman takes the same side as Rosie.

speaking of which, here's a BIS paper authored by Stephen Cecchetti and others, on The Future of Public Debt.

Is the stock market in bubble territory?

on the other hand,
Bull or Bear? Neither. Barry Ritholtz
once people commit to a position, there is an unfortunate tendency to root for that perspective. Even worse, people stick with their forecast, regarding what is actually happening in the market. ... Expect to be wrong. But instead of prepareing, people dig their heels in and cost themselves money by being more concerned with trying to be right rather than making money.

Jim Chanos says China is on "treadmill to hell".

And Michael Pettis is very worried about the extent of China's bad loans.

The ever-entertaining Howard Davidowitz says retail sales may be up, but the U.S. is in dramatically worse shape, and is, in fact, completely screwed!

So, government bonds may be a bubble, the stock market may be a bubble, China is likely a bubble, the U.S. consumer is still living in a bubble.... how about the Canadian housing market? Nah!



Random Reading

Scary thought of the day: do differential birth rates mean that religious fundamentalists will take over the earth?



Collapse competitively. Club Orlov.

A presentation called by Univ of Mass prof Dmitri Orlov, Our Future and the End of the Oil Age

Peak oil by 2020 (if not sooner)

But at least someone has A Gameplan for Getting to 100% Renewables. (by 2050 --- and for Europe and Africa, but what about Americas and Asia?)

Friday, April 9, 2010

Random Reading

From an interview with James Lovelock:

Humans are too stupid to prevent climate change from radically impacting on our lives over the coming decades. This is the stark conclusion of James Lovelock, the globally respected environmental thinker and independent scientist who developed the Gaia theory.

It follows a tumultuous few months in which public opinion on efforts to tackle climate change has been undermined by events such as the climate scientists' emails leaked from the University of East Anglia (UEA) and the failure of the Copenhagen climate summit.

"I don't think we're yet evolved to the point where we're clever enough to handle a complex a situation as climate change," said Lovelock in his first in-depth interview
since the theft of the UEA emails last November. "The inertia of humans is so huge that you can't really do anything meaningful."

One of the main obstructions to meaningful action is "modern democracy", he added. "Even the best democracies agree that when a major war approaches, democracy must be put on hold for the time being. I have a feeling that climate change may be an issue as severe as a war. It may be necessary to put democracy on hold for a while."

Lovelock, 90, believes the world's best hope is to invest in adaptation measures, such as building sea defences around the cities that are most vulnerable to sea-level rises. He thinks only a catastrophic event would now persuade humanity to take the threat of climate change seriously enough....

much more here:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2010/mar/29/james-lovelock

But, say we could get humanity to take this seriously, and say cutting emissions is a necessary component of the solution, but not sufficient. Should we then Hack the Planet?


New topic:
From an article called Renouncing Humanity:

The attractivness of communism was rooted primarily in the response to World War I. The revolutionary slogans exhorting people to rise against governments that had unleashed a war as senseless as it was bloody; the slogans proclaiming a coalition of the world of labour against military regimes, bourgeoisie and landowners; the slogans declaring “war on war” and calling for “all land to the peasants” were certainly attractive. Their attractiveness was intensified by a rhetoric promising to open the door to a better world for the poor and the dispossessed, for the downtrodden and humiliated. The chaos and injustice of the capitalist market was to be replaced by a planned economy and a just division of the goods produced.

It was in the name of these slogans that idealist communists were willing to justify terror (as long as it was red), lies (to ensure that the revolutionaries did not lose hope), wickedness (provided it was aimed at the counter-revolutionaries). One might say that communism appealed to what is best in human beings in order to extract what is worst in all of us.

...Perhaps the greatest illusion that we, people of the democratic opposition, had laboured under was our conviction that we lived in societies comprising honest and noble people who had simply been silenced. We believed we were the voice of those who had been silenced and that is why our rebellion was fundamentally a moral one. Alexandr Solzhenitsyn told us “not to live the lie”. Leszek KoÅ‚akowski asked us to "live with dignity”. John Paul II exhorted us: “Don’t be afraid!” and he promised that “truth would set us free”. Václav Havel believed in the “power of the powerless”.

For us, dissidents, this ethical motivation strengthened our morale but it also turned us into elitists. Being a dissident required being in open conflict with the dictatorship and everything it entailed: oppression, loss of opportunities, exclusion and often imprisonment. Yet our conviction that our voice was the voice of the enslaved nation was only part of the truth. In defending the historical truth and religious and civil liberties we articulated the collective consciousness. Yet our call for active resistence and for breaking the barriers of fear and apathy remained unheard. The ethical perfectionism of a Sakharov, a Havel or a Kuroń simply could not be shared by everyone, certainly not by the majority. The majority stayed silent and we assumed this was out of fear.

... And another thing: democracy equals pluralism: it implies that we agree to disagree; that we are all different, with varying interests and outlooks. But what we keep hearing and dreaming of is the need for national unity, as if it were not obvious that such unity – necessary in time of war – is impossible in normal times.

That is why we are told that these are not normal times, that there is an enemy out there to get us... In this moment of danger – we keep hearing – parliamentary democracy amounts to idle talk and manipulation; ... And that is why – we are told – we need a strong government, which can deploy special measures to establish national unity and eliminate corruption

Outrageous conclusions are based on reasonable assumptions. The prospect of a world dominated by oligarchs who have corrupted the state is obviously horrendous. However, the prospect of a world dominated by a state apparatus that has eliminated democratic institutions and the rule of law and destroyed the market is equally horrific. Until recently we lived in a world that was a mix of Brezhnev and Mussolini; nowadays we are faced with the sinister spectre of a world that is a mix of Putin with Berlusconi, of secret services with big money gained by corrupt means.

In the 1920s and 1930s democracy failed to protect the rule of law and the result was fascism and communism. The question that bothers me today is: can we muster enough courage and imagination in order effectively to protect the republic and the open society that we failed to protect from fascism?



Sadly, whether its politics, economics or the environment, people are sheep.

And, because of a few insights in the following, we're not likely to get the kind of leadership --- scientifically, philosophically, politically --- we need to make things better.

On Nietzsche, in The Soul of the Scientist of Man,
“Let us confess,” says Nietzsche, “how utterly our modern world lacks the whole type of a Heraclitus, Plato, Empedocles, and whatever other names these royal and magnificent hermits of the spirit had; and how it is with considerable justification that, confronted with such representatives of philosophy as are today, thanks to fashion, as much at the top of the heap as they are in reality on the bottom ... a solid man of science is permitted to feel that he is of a better type and descent.”

If a person possessing a mind on par with Heraclitus and Plato ever happened to come along, Nietzsche feared that he might find contemporary philosophy so unattractive and the study of scientific minutiae so time-consuming that he would never realize his philosophic potential. “The height and width of the tower of science has grown to be enormous,” he writes, “and with this comes the probability that the philosopher grows weary while still learning or allows himself to be detained somewhere to become a ‛specialist’ — so he never attains his proper level, the height for a comprehensive look.”

On the basis of his own scholarly experience, Nietzsche concludes that great philosophic minds risk losing the capacity to say something meaningful about the world when they devote their lives to obscure matters that are of little interest to the rest of humanity. By encouraging students to spend decades of their lives in narrow fields of study, scientific scholars impair the human capacity for comprehensive thinking and deprive the world of the kinds of people who are most likely to be able to make meaningful sense of it.

Simon Johnson is taking the economic problems in Greece seriously.

A.C. Grayling reviews book called Conceiving God

Speaking of which, I'm looking forward to reading Pullman's new book, The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ

Christ is indeed that saddest figure in the Gospels, the conscientious, quiet-living brother of the Prodigal Son, who is forgotten and thrust aside in the excitement when the bedraggled young man comes back to a festive welcome from his doting father. In Pullman's apocrypha, this Gospel parable becomes the reality of family life for Joseph and Mary. Christ takes to following Jesus secretly, listening to his words, writing them down and tidying them up when their message is troubling or a challenge to common sense: yet he cannot bring himself wholly to supersede the message he hears, and traces remain of the wildness of the original. Christ's record of Jesus's teaching becomes a strange mixture with a new agenda: as the angel-stranger says to Christ, Jesus 'is the history, and you are the truth'. It is Christ who invents the Church, an invention that is far from Jesus's intentions (his ultimate goal is not nearly so clear). Humiliated by his own failure to love a repulsive beggar unconditionally, Christ decides that the only way that the world's ills can be healed is for his brother to suffer publicly for the people. Whether Christ is capable of seeing that a crucifixion will be the outcome of his betrayal is irrelevant to the treachery. I will not spoil the ending, but suffice it to say that the story is intended to point to Christianity as it exists today, in all its beauty, poetry, and artistic creativity, as well as the side of Christian history that is disfigured by intolerance, arrogance, stupidity and cruelty.

Oh well, civilizations come and civilizations go, such as that in Angkor.

But at least the universe is safe. Or is it? Who knows?!
Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests wormhole research

Thursday, April 1, 2010

Book Lists

a few different book lists here:


first, the easy one, the books i want my kids to read b/c i remember them fondly from my childhood/adolescent reading:

1- Madeleine l'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time series

2- J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings Trilogy

3- William Goldman's The Princess Bride

4 -Roald Dahl's The BFG

5- Farley Mowatt's Never Cry Wolf

6- Jules Verne's Around the World in 80 Days

7- Dr. Seuss' The Lorax, and Oh! The Places You'll Go!

8- S.E. Hinton's The Outsiders

9a- Donald Sobol's The Encyclopedia Brown series

9b- Beverly Cleary's The Mouse and the Motorcycle

10- George Orwell's Animal Farm

honourable mention - doesn't exactly fit the category, but i would be remiss in not mentioning the game Dungeons and Dragons, which was like a masterful work of fantasy fiction in its own right; and, while I'm at it, how about Bill Watterson's full collection of Calvin and Hobbes


2nd, a top ten of my favourite fiction, in no particular order

Timothy Findley's Famous Last Words (speaking of which, must re-read Not Wanted on the Voyage)

Yann Martel's The Life of Pi

Alan Paton's Cry the Beloved Country

John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men

William Golding's The Lord or the Flies

Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea

Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

Christopher Moore's Lamb, the Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal

Robert Merullo's Breakfast With Buddha

and a tie between Morris West's The Devil's Advocate and Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose

and, though that's ten (+), b/c no list would be complete without the best writer in history, i'll add a play:

William Shakespeare's Hamlet (perhaps not his best, but the one that had the greatest impact on me as I was studying it)

and I'll also add an account that is perhaps part fiction, but more philosophical autobiography:

Robert Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance


3rd, a list of the non-fiction books that have most moved/inspired/motivated/affected me:

Sam Harris' Letter to a Christian Nation (not the first book on atheism i read, but the first to convince me to no longer hide my atheism)

Paul Kennedy's The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (not as good as Jared Diamond's books, but it was the first book to make me think about the rising and waning tides of civilizations and to look at history from a broader context than just a timeline of events)

Howard Bloom's The Western Canon (mostly as an inspiration to read all the classics i haven't yet read)

Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time (i won this when graduating from high school as a prize for the best graduating student in the sciences - didn't understand it when i first read it, but, thankfully, his later editions, particularly with the enhanced graphics, were more comprehensible to me)

Carl Sagan's Cosmos (the first book to really open my eyes to the grandeur of the wider universe)

Nathalie Angier's The Canon: A Whirlgig Tour of the Beautiful Basics of Science (beautifully written)

David Quammen's The Flight of the Iguana (also wonderfully written)

Paul Krugman's The Great Unraveling (if i wasn't already sickened by politics, this clinched it)

Peter Singer's The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter (almost made me go vegan --- but has definitely changed the way i think about food, the way i choose to buy it and what i consume)

James Howard Kunstler's The Long Emergency (i'm not yet sure what to make of this; i fear he's right --- in fact, i think i KNOW he's right, but am just hoping he's early in his timing)

David Korten's The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community (I read too much that discusses the world's problems, and need to find balance with those that offer realistic solutions)


and, finally, an incomplete list specifically on finance and economics, in the order that i read them:

David Chilton's The Wealthy Barber

William Bernstein's The Intelligent Asset Allocator, as well as The Four Pillars of Investing

John Bogle's Common Sense on Mutual Funds

Burton Malkiel's A Random Walk Down Wall Street

Peter Bernstein's Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk

Charles Kindleberger's Manias, Panics and Crashes

Irving Fisher's The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions

Richard Koo's The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics: Lessons from Japan's Great Recession


and, i havent finished them yet, but two possible additions:

Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff's This Time is Different

and Steve Keen's debunking Economics




books that i really want to read

Jared Diamond's Collapse, after i finish Guns, Germs and Steel

Niall Ferguson's The Ascent of Money

Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma

J. M. Keynes The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

Douglas Hofstadter's Godel, Escher and Bach

James Montier's Behavioural Investing

George Akerlof and Robert Shiller: Animal Spirits

Stephen Hawking: On the Shoulders of Giants

Noam Chomsky: Failed States

Annie Leonard: The Story of Stuff: How Our Obsession with Stuff is Trashing the Planet, Our Communities and Our Health

Raj Patel's The Value of Nothing

Gabriel Garcia Marquez: One Hundred Years of Solitude

something i can't believe i havent read yet: Huxley's A Brave New World

and something I've gotten part way through but never finished: Thoreau's Walden

and, finally

Thich Nhat Hanh's The Miracle of Mindfulness